The complexities of modern government have often led Congress — whether by actual or perceived necessity—to legislate broad policy goals and general statutory standards, leaving the specific policy options to the discretion of an administrative body. 2 In this regard, the Philippine Competition Commission (“PCC”)—the administrative body mandated to implement the Philippine Competition Act 3 —has taken great strides in advancing the policy objectives of economic efficiency and consumer welfare. That the two policy objectives figure greatly in the exercise of the PCC’s mandate is evident from its regulatory issuances and participation in relevant proceedings.